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1.Janet Raloff,gThe St.Regis Syndrom,"Science News,July 19,1980,
pp.42-43.The account was verified by F.Henry Lickers,director,
environmental division,Mohawk Council of Akwesasne,Conwall,
Ontario,Canada.For primary data on cattle damage at Akwesasne,
see Krook,L.and Maylin,G.A.,gIndustrial Fluoride Pollution"The
Cornell Veterinarian,,Vol.69,Supplement 8,April 1979.
2.The pollution continues today ,but at reduced levels;cows
survive to about half their lifespans.
3.Robert Tomsho,gDumping Grounds,"Wall Street Journal,
November29,1990.
4.Karen St.Hilaire,gSt.Regis Indians to Settle Fluiride Dispute,
"Syracuse Post-Standard,January 8,1985.
5.See also accounts cited above for further documentation.
6.Author's 1992 interview with F.Henry Lickers,op.cit.
7.gSummary Review of Health Effects Associated with Hydrogen
Fluiride and Related Compounds"EPA Report Number 600/8-29/2F,
December 1988,p. -1.
8.John Yiamouyiannis,Lifesaver's Guide to Fluiridation(Delaware,
Ohio:Safe Water Foundation,1983),p.1;see also D.Rose and
J.R.Marier,gEnvironmental Fluiride," National Research Council
of Canada Publication Number NRCC 16081,1977.
9.Engineering and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluiride Emissions
Control,U.S.EPA report,Volume ,Number SN16893.000,January
1972,p.1-3,et seq.
10.Final Draft for the Drinking Water Critical Document on Fluiride,
EPA Report Number PB85-199321,April 1985,p -5.
11.gTreatment and Recovery of Fluiride Industrial Wastes,"EPA Report
Number PB234447,March 1974,P.5.
12.E.Jerard and J.B.Patrick,gThe Summing of Fluiride Exposures,"
International Journal of Environmental Studies, Volume 3,1973,P.143.
13.G,J.Cox,gNew Knowledge of Fluorine in Relation to Dental Caries, "
Journal of American Water Works Association, Volume 31:1926-30,1939;
see also standard toxicology manuals.The terms gFluorine" and
gFluiride"were used interchangeably in early literature.
14.Air Pollutans Affecting the Performance of Domestic Animals,U.S.
Department of Agriculture Handbook No.380,August 1970,p.41.
15.Kaj Roholm,Fluorine Intoxication(London:H.K.Lewis•Co.,1937),pp.64-65
16.Jerard and Patrick,op.cit,pp149-50.
17.USDA Handbook,op.ct.,P46.Around industrial plants,however,grazing
animals such as cows get the highest doses.
18.Auther's 1992 interview.
19.Roholm,op.cit.,p.46.
20.H.Ost,gThe Fight Against Injurious Gases,"Z.AngewChem,Volume 20,
1907,pp.1689-93.Also Roholm,op.cit,pp.36-41.
21.Kaj Roholm,gThe Fog Disaster in the Meuse Valley:A Fluorine
Intoxication,"Journal of Industrial Toxicology,Vol.19,1937,pp.126-37.
22.Lloyd DeEds,gChronic Fluorine Intoxication,"Medicine,Vol.12,1933,pp.1-60.
23.R.Berk,et al,Aluminum:Profile of the Industry(New York:McGrawHill,1985),p.5.
24.Cox,op.cit.
25.G.L.Waldbott,et al,Fluridation:The Great Dilemma(Lawrence,Kans.:Coronado
Press,1978),pp.304-05;and F.B.Exner,Economic Motives Behind
Fluridation(monograph)(Toronto:Westlakes Press,1966),pp1-2.
26.Elise Jerard,ed.,The Case of the Protected Pollutant(New York:
Indipendent Phi Beta Kappa Study Group,privately printed,1969).
27.ALCOA's sponsorship was veryfied in a 1992 interview by the author with
a Mellon Institute public information spokesperson.
28.G.J. Cox,gDiscussion,"Journal of the American Medical Association,
Vol.113,1938,p.1753.
29.In his 1938 public address in Johnstown,Pennsylvania,befor any safety
studies has been conducted,Cox urged that city to fluoridate supplies
immediately.They turned him domn.See Waldbott,op.cit.,p.304.
30.Waldbott,op.cit.,pp.296-301;Exner,op.cit.,p.4.Fluoride has also been
the worst pollutant in the phosphate and iron industries(Exner,PP.3,6)
;re:iron and steel see, Engineering and Cost,EPA,op.cit.,pp.@56-60.
31.gThree Win in Fume Suit,"The Oregonian(Portland),September 17,1655.
32.gSeven Enter Fluoride Case,"The Oregonian,October 15,1957.
33.Hearing befor the committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce,U.S.
House of Representatives,83rd Congress,Second Session on H.R.2341,
May 25-27,1954,pp.46-48.
34.Ibid.The accuracy of Brimingham's testimony concerning the Wrentham
school was confirmed by John Small,Information Specialist,Fluorides
and Health,National Institute of Dental Reserch,Interview with author,1992.
35.Brimingham testimony,op.cit.,p51.Newspapre accounts from the period
also refer to Ewing as ALCOA'sgchief counsel."Later ALCOA responding
to charges that it had been behind fluoridation scheme,claimed that Ewing
was just another of it many lawyers and that his fees had been much lowyer.
Undisputed,however,is that Ewing was an extremely wealthy corporate lowyer
and his major client was ALCOA.
36.Time,gAluminum,"November10,1941.
37.Brimingham testimony,op.cit.,Confirmed by Berneys,at age 100,in a
1991 iinterview with author.
38.gThe Original Spin Doctor,"Washington Post,November23,1991,p.B1.
39.Edward L.Berneys,Propaganda(New York:H.Liveright,1928),p.18.
40.Ibid,pp.9,49.
41.Ibid,p.53.
42.Bette Hileman,gFluoridation of Water,"Cemical and Engineering News,
Volume 66 August 1.1988,p.37.
43.Author's interview with Exner's associate Len Greenall,1992,
British Columbia,Canada;more recently a similar case of possible arson
involved the files of Greenpeace scientist Pat Costner in 1991
(CAIB,Number 41,Summer 1992,pp.42-44)
44.Letter to author from American Water Worker Association ,Denver Colorado,
public information department,1991.
45.A1983 letter from EPA adminstrator descrives the system:gIn regard to
the use of fluosilic acid as souce of fluoride for fluoridation,this agency
regards such use as an ideal environmental solution to a long-standing
problem.By recovering by-product fluosilic acid from phosphate fertilizer
manufacturing.Water and air pollution are minimized, and water utilities
have a low cost souce of fluoride aviable to them¥¥"(Rebecca Hammer,EPA
Deputy assistant adminstrator for water,March 30,1983.)
46.gEngieering and Cost...,"op.ct.,pp. -1,@-1,@-2.
47.Ibid,p. -3.
48.Ibid,p. -2.
49.Primary Aluminum:Draft Guideline for Controle of Fluoride Emissions from
Existing Aluminum Plants,EPA report Number PB294938,1979,PP@-9.
50.Berk,et al,gAluminum:Profile...,"op.cit,p.148.
51.Joel Griffiths,g'83 Transcripts Show Fluoride Disagreements,"Medical
Tribune,April 20,1989,p.1.
52.Joel Griffiths,gFluoride Report Softened,"Medical Tribune,April 27,1989.
53.Daniel Grossman,gFluoride's Revenge,"The Progressive,December 1990,p.31
54.Ibid.
55.Griffiths,gFluoride...,"op cit,p.11.
55.Ibid.
57.Griffiths,g'83 Transcripts...,"op cit.
58.Cooper,et al.,Journal of American Medical Association,Vol.266,July 24,1991,
p.513-14.See also Sowers,et al,gA Prospective Study of Bone Mineral
Content and Fluctures in Communities with Different Fluoride Exposer,
"American Journal of Epidemiology,Vol.133,No.7,pp.649-60.For a summary of
the most recent studies and a review of the scientific debate,seegSummary
of Workershop on Drinking Water Fluoride Influence on Hip Flucture and Bone
Health,"Osteoporosis International,Vol.2,1992,pp.109-17.
59.Christa Danielson ,et al.,gHip Flucture and Water Fluoridation in Utah's
Elderly Population,"JAMA,Vol.268,August 12,1992,pp.746-48.
60.Author's 1992 interview with Sharon Ramirez,statistician,National Center
for Health Statistics,U.S.Center for Disease Control,Hyattsville,Md.
61.U.S.National Reserch Council,Diet and Health(Washington,D.C.:National
Academy Press,1989),p.121.
62.JAMA,gHip..,"op.cit.
63.Not just anything causes cancer in the goverment test.The majority of
substances tested-all suspected carcinogens-prove negative,according
to the National Cancer Institute.And there's good reason to worry about
the few,like asbestos and DES,that prove positive,say the NCL brochure,
March 1990.
64.U.A.National Research Council,Drinking Water and Health,(Washington,D.C.
:National Academy of Sciences,1977),pp.388-89.
65.John Yiamouyiannis and Dean Berk,gFluoridation of Public Water Systems
and Cancer Death Rates in Humans, "presented at the 67th annual meeting
of the American Society of Biological Chemists,and published in Fluoride,
Volume 10,Number 3,1977,pp102-23.Follow-up studies wer conducted here and
abroad which claimed to refute this paper and it remains controversial.
66.U.S.Public Health Service ,Review of Fluoride Benefits and Risks
(Washington,D.C.:Department of Health and Human Services,Feburary 1991),p.iii.
67.Ibid,p.F-2.
68.Ibid,p.F-3.
69.Ibid,p.84-90.
70.HHS press release,February 19,1991.
71.Mark Lowey,gScientists Question Health Risks of Fluoride,"Calgary Herald
(Canada),February 28,1992.
72.Author's interview,1992.
73.Author's interview,1992.
74.Legislative Assembly for the Australia Capital Territory,Standing Committee
on Social Policy,gIiquiry into Water Fluoridation in the Act[sic]",January
1991,pp.183-84.
75.John Colquhoun ,Community Health Studies,Vol.14,No.3,1990,p.288.
76.Mark Lowey,gDoctor Warns Fluorides Risky,"Calgary Herald,January 25,1992.
77.Richard G.Foulkes,Letter to Thomas Perry,Minister of Advanced Education,
Victoria,British Columbia,March 3,1992.
78.Tom Hawthorn,gMD Who Pushed Fluoridation Now Opposes Idea,"
The Province(Vancuver),January 26,1992.